Why are African Americans more likely to develop pancreatic cancer than whites? According to the American Cancer Society, higher rates for other pancreatic cancer risk factors, such as diabetes, smoking in men and being overweight in women may all point to reasons why. Here, the FDA shares the latest research on this deadly disease.
Scientists are working to develop breakthrough therapies for pancreatic cancer, one of the deadliest cancers affecting both men and women.
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Pancreatic cancer is a disease that frequently presents no symptoms until it reaches very advanced stages. Surgery is the only chance for a cure, but most patients are not surgical candidates because of the location of the tumor in the pancreas or because the cancer has spread. Moreover, most people who undergo surgery relapse and subsequently die of pancreatic cancer.
FDA has approved three treatments in the past 20 years for advanced pancreatic cancer to help patients live longer: (1) gemcitabine; (2) erlotinib in combination with gemcitabine; and (3) nab-paclitaxel in combination with gemcitabine.
“Today we know more about this form of cancer. We know it usually starts in the pancreatic ducts and that the KRAS gene is mutated in tumor samples from most patients with pancreatic cancer,” says Abhilasha Nair, M.D., an oncologist in the FDA team that works on cancers of the digestive system, including the stomach, pancreas and colon.
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Hematologists/oncologists are doctors who study and treat cancers of the blood and various solid organs such as lung, stomach and brain.
Deadly and Evasive
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Yearly, about 46,420 people will be diagnosed with the disease and 39,590 will die from it, according to the National Cancer Institute.
This cancer accounts for less than 3 percent of new cancer diagnoses each year, but it is aggressive and deadly. The five-year survival rate is only about 5 percent. If untreated, patients can die quickly, Nair says. Treatments include chemotherapy and, for some patients, surgery and/or radiation therapy.
The most frequent symptoms that bring patients to a health care provider are jaundice, back pain and unexplained weight loss. Other symptoms include new onset diabetes or worsening diabetes, nausea, vomiting, bowel changes, tiredness, weakness and changes in appetite.
Targeting Mutations
Scientists are researching how certain factors increase the risk for pancreatic cancer. They include smoking, pancreatitis (chronic inflammation of the pancreas, characterized by abdominal pain, chronic pain, loss of weigh and diarrhea), longstanding diabetes, genetic changes (BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations) and Lynch syndrome (an inherited disorder that increases the risk for certain cancers).
Scientists continue to work on developing drugs that target the KRAS mutation found in pancreatic tumors. “Getting the right drug to target the right mutation would be a big break for treating patients with pancreatic cancer,” Nair says. “KRAS is a very evasive target. We need to learn more about it so we can better understand how to overcome it.”
To achieve that, scientists are digging deep into the cells of tumors to learn why pancreatic cancer is resistant to most available chemotherapy drugs.
“Something in the extracellular matrix (the tissue space between the tumor cells) may be preventing the tumor cells from being affected by chemotherapy,” Nair says. Much of the research focuses on the tumor’s environment, identifying ways to overcome the tumor’s defenses, and improving the delivery of chemotherapy directly to cancer cells.
Researchers are also exploring immune therapies, which have been successful in treating melanoma and other cancers. With immune therapy, doctors could improve the patient’s own defenses against the cancer.
“Not too long ago, the prognosis for melanoma patients was very poor. But with the advent of these new therapies that boost the patient’s own immune system, the landscape has greatly improved,” Nair says. “We hope that new research in pancreatic cancer will ultimately give us a similar if not better outcome in the fight against this aggressive cancer.”
This article appears on FDA’s Consumer Updates page, which features the latest on all FDA-regulated products.
