Tardive Dyskinesia: When the Meds That Help Start to Hurt

Tardive Dyskinesia (TD) is a serious, often misunderstood movement disorder that disproportionately affects Black patients. Caused by long-term use of certain medications, particularly antipsychotics, TD manifests as involuntary, repetitive movements that can be socially and physically debilitating. Despite its prevalence, TD remains underdiagnosed, especially in Black communities, due to systemic healthcare disparities and biases.

What Is TD and Why Is It Underdiagnosed in Black Patients?

Tardive Dyskinesia (TD) is a neurological movement disorder that emerges after long-term use of certain medications that affect dopamine, a brain chemical crucial for motor control. TD causes involuntary, repetitive movements, most commonly in the face (lip smacking, grimacing, rapid blinking), tongue (protrusion or rolling), and limbs (twitching or jerking motions).

TD is typically associated with long-term use of dopamine receptor-blocking agents, especially antipsychotic medications prescribed for conditions like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and severe depression. Unfortunately, many of the medications that trigger TD are prescribed more frequently and for longer durations in Black patients due to a mix of clinical bias, socioeconomic factors, and access to care.

A 2022 report in Healthgrades and research published on tardivedyskinesia.pocn.com found that Black Americans are nearly twice as likely as white Americans to develop TD. The reasons for this disparity include:

Overprescription of older, first-generation antipsychotics (e.g., haloperidol), which have a higher risk of TD.
Less frequent use of safer, second-generation medications due to insurance restrictions or clinician familiarity.
Limited access to neurologists and psychiatrists familiar with movement disorders in marginalized communities.
Systemic healthcare biases that overlook early symptoms in Black patients or attribute them to “noncompliance” or behavioral issues.

Even more alarming: according to a review published by PubMed Central, fewer than five percent of patients who show signs of TD actually receive a diagnosis. This diagnostic gap further delays treatment, allowing the condition to worsen over time and reducing patients’ quality of life.

Common Medications That Can Cause Involuntary Movements

A wide range of medications can increase the risk of TD, especially when taken over long periods or at higher doses. Some of the most common culprits include:

Antipsychotics: Both typical (first-generation) medications like haloperidol and chlorpromazine, and atypical (second-generation) ones like risperidone and olanzapine can cause TD. First-generation drugs carry the highest risk, yet are still often prescribed in under-resourced clinics and emergency settings.
Antidepressants: Some SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) and tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline) have been linked to TD, although the risk is lower than with antipsychotics.
Anti-nausea medications: Drugs like metoclopramide (Reglan) and prochlorperazine (Compazine)—often used for migraines or gastrointestinal issues—are surprisingly common triggers for TD, particularly when taken beyond 12 weeks.
Mood stabilizers & anticonvulsants: Medications like lithium and valproic acid can contribute indirectly to movement-related side effects, especially when combined with antipsychotics.

Black patients should be especially vigilant if prescribed these medications long-term, and clinicians should always weigh the risks vs. benefits, especially for non-psychotic conditions.

Early Symptoms to Watch For in Yourself or Loved Ones

TD symptoms are often subtle at first, and many patients aren’t aware that their movements are unusual. In Black patients, these symptoms may be overlooked, dismissed, or misinterpreted by clinicians unfamiliar with cultural variations in nonverbal expression. Common early signs include:

Facial movements: Lip smacking, tongue darting or rolling, grimacing, jaw clenching, or rapid blinking.
Limb movements: Involuntary jerking or writhing of the hands, arms, or legs.
Torso movements: Twisting or swaying motions of the neck, shoulders, or back.
Vocal tics: Repetitive grunting, throat clearing, or irregular speech patterns.

These movements are involuntary, often increase with stress or fatigue, and may initially be dismissed as anxiety or side effects of the underlying mental health condition. According to Mayo Clinic Press and Verywell Health, documenting symptoms early and consistently can make a critical difference in getting timely care.

How to Advocate for a Medication Review with Your Provider

If you or someone you love shows signs of TD, don’t wait to bring it up—early intervention can limit progression. Here’s how to effectively advocate for a medication review:

Document symptoms: Keep a journal or video log of the movements, noting when they occur, what medications are being taken, and any patterns related to stress or meals.
Request a formal review: Ask your provider to evaluate whether your current medications could be contributing to the symptoms. Be firm, clear, and bring your notes to the appointment.
Ask about alternatives: If possible, consider switching to newer medications with lower TD risk or reducing the dosage of current meds under supervision.
Schedule regular follow-ups: TD is often progressive. Continuous monitoring—especially by a neurologist or movement disorder specialist—can make a big difference.

If your concerns are dismissed or downplayed, don’t hesitate to seek another opinion (more on that below).

Getting a Second Opinion Without Shame

In Black communities, there’s often a cultural emphasis on respecting medical authority, which can make it hard to push back or seek alternate care. But getting a second opinion is not disloyal—it’s self-advocacy.

If you feel dismissed or ignored, find another provider—preferably one with experience in movement disorders or psychiatry. Online directories, such as those offered by the American Academy of Neurology or local medical schools, can help locate specialists.

Having a second clinician evaluate your medication history, symptom patterns, and overall health may reveal better options, including non-drug-based treatments or updated diagnostic testing.

The Role of Psychiatry Bias in Delayed Diagnoses

The underdiagnosis of TD in Black patients is part of a larger pattern of systemic racism in mental healthcare. Studies have shown that:

Black patients are more likely to be misdiagnosed with schizophrenia than with mood disorders, even when symptoms overlap.
Older, high-potency medications are more frequently prescribed in Black communities, increasing the risk of movement disorders like TD.
Cultural communication styles (e.g., gesturing, eye contact) are sometimes misinterpreted as agitation or aggression, leading to overmedication.

According to a hearing in the Alaska State Legislature, these biases contribute to delayed treatment, incorrect prescriptions, and worse health outcomes.

To combat this, we need:

Cultural competence training in psychiatry, psychology, and primary care.
More Black providers and mental health professionals who can serve their communities with insight and empathy.
Policy reforms that ensure equitable access to the safest medications and most accurate diagnostics.

Living Fully with TD—Treatment, Movement, and Mindset

While TD can be distressing, a fulfilling life is still possible with proper care, lifestyle adjustments, and support.

Medications: Two FDA-approved drugs, valbenazine (Ingrezza) and deutetrabenazine (Austedo), are designed to treat TD by regulating dopamine activity in the brain. While not cures, they can significantly reduce symptoms for many patients.
Therapies: Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and even dance therapy can improve coordination and reduce the physical impact of movements.
Support groups: Joining TD support networks (in-person or online) helps reduce stigma, exchange coping strategies, and build community.
Mindfulness & wellness: Meditation, yoga, deep breathing, and affirmations can help manage stress, a known trigger for worsening TD symptoms.

Remember: you are not your diagnosis. With the right tools, team, and mindset, you can advocate for yourself, manage your condition, and reclaim your daily joy.

Tardive Dyskinesia is a complex condition that requires awareness, proactive management, and systemic change to address the disparities affecting Black communities. By staying informed, advocating for appropriate care, and supporting one another, we can work towards better outcomes and equity in mental health treatment.

By Dominique Lambright | Published May 28, 2025