While multiple sclerosis (MS) can cause a wide swath of symptoms and challenges for anyone diagnosed with the autoimmune disease, a new study finds that race may play a role in disease severity. Researchers discovered that Black individuals with MS may be more severely affected by the disease, but also that this added impact persisted even when differences in income were considered. The same was not true for white individuals.
"It was not that I was surprised that [socioeconomic status] played a role with white people. I was surprised that it also didn't show a clear-cut significance in Black people as well. I was expecting to find it on both," Dr. Karla Gray-Roncal, a neurology resident for Johns Hopkins Medicine in Baltimore says. "It wasn't so significant in Black people, which points to other factors that are playing a role."
The study used data on people with MS, including more than 1,200 Black patients and 7,530 white patients. The researchers also examined the socioeconomic status of 288 of the Black participants and 1,046 of the white participants.
Using common tests on MS disease severity, the Black participants were an average of .66 seconds slower than the white people on a 25-foot walking test. They were also 2.1 seconds slower in a manual dexterity test. In responding to a 50-question cognitive processing test, Black participants with MS scored 5 points lower than white people with MS.
Back people with MS also had larger brain lesions, which can signal disease progression.
In considering socioeconomic status, researchers found that for white MS patients, a lower household income was associated with slower cognitive processing and walking speeds. And a worse score on the socioeconomic test was associated with slower cognitive processing and manual dexterity speeds.
The wasn't the case for Black MS patients in this study, whose lower income was associated only with less manual dexterity.
The study didn't consider other reasons that might cause poorer outcomes in Black patients with MS, but structural discrimination could be
one, Gray-Roncal says.
"I would say that's what we need to find out and I think that's why I'm so excited about the paper because it's a call to more study, to actually get at those differences," she adds.
A limitation of the study is that it represents one point in time, Gray-Roncal notes. A longer study following people across multiple years is needed, she says. The research team from this study plans to continue this work.
Among the solutions for helping Black MS patients now include early intervention, Gray-Roncal shares.
"When we see patients that come in and they're first diagnosed, we are a little bit more vigilant and a little bit more proactive in their treatment. Some people might call it more aggressive," Gray-Roncal says.
MS affects the brain and spinal cord with symptoms that can vary from mild to severe. It strikes almost 1 million people in the United States.
Four courses of the disease have been identified, according to the National MS Society. They include a course that involves intermittent symptoms and attacks of the disease and other courses that have a slow, insidious progression over time, Bruce Bebo, executive vice president of research for the National MS Society explains.
There have been tremendous advances in knowledge about what's driving certain types of MS in recent years, along with an explosion of therapies, Bebo adds. The need continues for a better understanding of more progressive types of the disease.
"We're starting to learn what some of those pathways are and starting to develop treatment approaches that address those pathways," Bebo says. "But we don't have the kinds of disease-modifying therapies now in progressive forms of MS that we have for relapsing MS and, of course, we don't have a cure for any of that."
Among the reasons socioeconomic status is important is that it can affect access to medical care and medications, Bebo adds.
"I found it interesting that socioeconomic factors that they studied did influence the severity of disease in the white population, but not in the Black population, which I find hard to understand but the conclusion tells us we need to do more research. I know everybody hates to hear that," Bebo says. "This is an interesting study, but it's not definitive and we have to do more work, which is true, but it's hard if you live with MS to hear that all the time."
The study also confirms what other studies have shown, that the burden of MS in the Black population seems to be higher than it is in the white population, Bebo shares.
"We can't say with a lot of certainty what the reasons are for that, but we're starting to learn what they are," Bebo adds. "I think this publication is adding to a growing body of evidence that really is documenting that Black people with MS have worse outcomes."
Symptoms
Black people can experience the following symptoms at a higher severity than white people, according to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society:
- more frequent relapses and poorer recovery
- more walking problems
- more balance and coordination problems
- more problems with thinking
- earlier disability onset
- more visual symptoms
Although the symptoms can be worse for Black people, with the right treatment plan and exercise program MS patients can still have an amazing life. It may not be the same as before, but you can still engage in your favorite activities with the right modifications.
