With Millions more Americans getting vaccinated every day, there have been complaints of side effects including fever, fatigue and other complications that they weren’t expecting.
These side effects from Covid-19 vaccines won’t last long and may provide proof that your immune system is doing its job. Although vaccines are still very effective without side effects.
Here are some of the most common side effects from Covid-19 vaccines, how you can manage them, and why you shouldn’t let them stop you from getting vaccinated:
“The kinds of things we’re seeing are arm soreness, body aches, sometimes fatigue, sometimes even low-grade fever,” said Dr. Peter Hotez, a vaccinologist and dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine.
After he got his second dose of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, “I had shaking chills for a couple of hours,” Hotez said. “And we know why this happens — because the vaccine is very potent in inducing an immune response. That’s one of the reasons why we’re getting such high levels of protection against Covid-19.”
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said other side effects can include pain, redness or swelling at the injection site and possibly headache or nausea.
The number of people with covid vaccine side effects is unclear because with millions of Americans getting vaccinated every day, many that do get side effects might not report them to the federal Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. It has been noted that in vaccine trials, about 10% to 15% of immunized volunteers developed “quite noticeable side effects,” former Operation Warp Speed Chief Scientific Adviser Moncef Slaoui said late last year. “Most people will have much less noticeable side effects,” he said.
One covid vaccine side effect called anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction, is at a rate of about two to five per million. This means about 0.0005% (or less) of those who get a Covid-19 vaccine have a serious, negative response. (These are the symptoms of anaphylaxis). Generally a severe reaction occurs within 30 minutes after getting the COVID vaccine. For this reason most vaccination sites have people stay for 15 to 30 minutes afterward. The CDC recommends people who have had a severe allergic reaction to a different vaccine or a history of anaphylaxis stay for 30 minutes after vaccination. All places administering vaccines must be armed with epinephrine to quickly combat any cases of anaphylaxis, the CDC said.
With that said, “the mRNA vaccines — the Pfizer and the Moderna — they are what’s called more reactogenic, meaning there are more side effects,” Hotez said. “They’re not serious side effects, but they can be unpleasant, and they can sometimes last a day or two. Usually they don’t. Usually they last a few hours.”
Both the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines give about 95% protection against symptomatic Covid-19, and both are virtually 100% effective against severe Covid-19 illness. In their clinical trials, no one who was vaccinated died from Covid-19.
The Johnson & Johnson vaccine is not an mRNA vaccine. Among US trial participants, it was 72% effective against Covid-19 and 85% effective against severe Covid-19. Like the other two vaccines, no one who was vaccinated during the clinical trial died from Covid-19.
The Johnson & Johnson vaccine requires only one dose, but the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines require two doses. Some people have reported stronger covid vaccine side effects after their second doses, according to both Pfizer and Moderna. Those side effects are indicators of the immune system responding properly.
The reason for two doses is to create a strong immunity. “With the first dose, you are having to generate an immune response from the ground up,” said Michael Worobey, an evolutionary biology professor at the University of Arizona. The body produces antibodies, but also starts to generate immune cells called B cells to make targeted antibodies — and that takes time, Worobey said. “Then the second time you give a person the shot, those cells are sitting around like a clone army and can immediately start producing a very big immune response, which is what is happening when people feel like they have been kicked in the teeth.”
Some vaccines build up plenty of response with a single dose, said professor Thomas Geisbert, an expert in emerging viral threats at the University of Texas Medical Branch. But the second dose in two-dose vaccines builds a longer-lasting defense force.
Missing the second vaccine should not be considered as it takes away increased protection provided by the second dose, and may also reduce the time span of your protection.
“Your immune system is already jacked up from the first dose,” Geisbert said. So with a second dose, “you tend to build up a longer and more durable response.”
“You can take these medications to relieve post-vaccination side effects if you have no other medical reasons that prevent you from taking these medications normally,” the CDC said.
The second dose is not recommended if you take over-the-counter medicine, such as ibuprofen, aspirin, or acetaminophen. “It is not known how these medications might affect how well the vaccine works,” the agency said. “However, if you take these medications regularly for other reasons, you should keep taking them before you get vaccinated. It is also not recommended to take antihistamines before getting a COVID-19 vaccine to try to prevent allergic reactions.”
If the side effect symptoms seem severe, linger for more than a few days or the site of injection gets increasingly tender or red, contact your doctor or health care provider.
If there’s a chance for side effects, do young, healthy adults really need to get vaccinated?
There are plenty of reasons why young, healthy people should get a Covid-19 vaccine:
A dangerous, highly contagious new variant is affecting young people. “In the Upper Midwest, we’re starting to see lots of younger adults getting sick and going to the hospital from Covid because of the B.1.1.7 variant,” Hotez said.
“So remember that the B.1.1.7 variant is different from past types of Covid infections that we’ve seen — more serious and possibly more severe disease among younger people.”
Young people can get long-term Covid-19 complications. While they’re less likely to die from Covid-19, plenty of young, healthy people have turned into Covid-19 “long-haulers.”
Many have suffered chronic fatigue, chest pain, shortness of breath and brain fog months after their infection.
And a recent study found that 30% of people who had Covid-19 still had symptoms up to nine months after infection.
Young people can easily be transmitters of coronavirus. Several states recently reported spikes in young people with Covid-19. “A lot of the spread is happening among younger people,” said Dr. Ashish Jha, dean of the Brown University School of Public Health. “That’s the group that is moving around, kind of relaxing, getting infected.”
If not enough people get vaccinated, we’ll never reach herd immunity. “It’s important to vaccinate as many adults as possible as soon as possible,” internal medicine specialist Dr. Jorge Rodriguez said. “If you want to open up America, get vaccinated.”
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Should I take a day off work after getting vaccinated?
It’s not necessary, but Hotez suggests taking it easy for a day after each shot.
“After your first or second dose, what I’m recommending is people not try to take on too ambitious of an agenda for the next 24 hours afterward,” he said.
“In other words, if you’re getting vaccinated, don’t schedule an important meeting or an important presentation or a meaningful family event. And then just be modest in your ambition the day you’re getting vaccinated and the day afterwards.”
That’s just to err on the side of caution, he said. “Chances are, you may be fine.”
Are the covid vaccine side effects worth it?
Absolutely. “Remember what we’re protecting against,” Hotez said.
“We’re protecting against an illness that’s killed more than half a million Americans. And so it’s a very modest price to pay.”
Even those who had bad covid vaccine side effects said they have no regrets.
“I actually had some pretty significant symptoms after I got the second dose,” said Yasir Batalvi, who volunteered in Moderna’s vaccine trial. “That evening was rough. I mean, I developed a low-grade fever and fatigue and chills,” he said. But by the next morning, Batalvi “felt ready to go.” “I think mass scale vaccination is really the only realistic way out of the pandemic,” he said. “I took the vaccine — it was all right. I think we can get through this.”
More than 150 million doses of vaccines had been administered by the end of March. So far, there is no evidence of any death caused by a Covid-19 vaccine, the CDC said.