Asthma is a lung disease that affects an estimated 9 percent of women of reproductive age(link is external) in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Maternal asthma is associated with a higher risk of pregnancy complications and health problems for infants.
READ: 5 Tips To Calm Your Asthma In Winter
While prior studies have examined the effects of various air pollutants on preterm birth risk, the research team said that its study is the first to examine whether exposure to air pollution before conception might affect later pregnancy.
“Early environmental exposures can have significant effects on later health,” said Dr. Mendola. “In this case, it may be that early exposure to air pollution sets off inflammation or other internal stresses that interfere with embryo implantation or placental development. Those disruptions could lead to preterm delivery down the road. More research will help us to better understand the potential impact of air pollution in the months surrounding conception.”
Also taking part in the study were researchers from the University of North Texas Health Science Center in Fort Worth; the National Institute for Health and Welfare in Oulu, Finland; the Emmes Corporation in Rockville, Maryland; and Texas A&M University in College Station.
The researchers analyzed data from a national sample of 223,502 singleton pregnancies (pregnancies with a single fetus), delivered at 19 hospitals around the country from 2002 to 2008. Electronic medical records of the women included their asthma status and date of delivery.
The team matched that data with daily measures of air quality from the regions surrounding each of the hospitals to assess the potential effects of air pollution, week by week, on preterm birth risk. They studied six pollutants and accounted for such factors as location, age, race and ethnicity, pre-pregnancy weight, smoking and alcohol use, and chronic maternal health conditions.
The research team hopes that studies like this one will one day improve the care of pregnant women with asthma and reduce their risk for preterm birth.
Meanwhile, people with asthma who are concerned about exposures to air pollution may want to limit their outdoor activity during periods when the air quality is forecast to be unhealthy for sensitive groups, said Dr. Mendola. Air quality data are available from the Environmental Protection Agency at www.airnow.gov(link is external).
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