Huntington’s disease (HD) is a rare, inherited neurological condition that leads to the gradual breakdown of nerve cells in the brain. This progressive disease affects a person’s ability to move, think, and regulate emotions, often with devastating consequences for both patients and their families.
While there’s currently no cure, understanding the symptoms and available treatments can help manage the disease and improve quality of life.
What Is Huntington’s Disease?
Huntington’s disease is caused by a defective gene passed down from a parent. The gene causes damage to specific areas of the brain, particularly those involved in motor control and cognitive function. The result is a steady decline in both physical abilities and mental processes.
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A Genetic Condition
HD is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning a person only needs to inherit one copy of the faulty gene to develop the disease. If one parent has Huntington’s, each child has a 50 percent chance of inheriting the condition.
When Symptoms Begin
Huntington’s disease typically develops between the ages of 30 and 50. However, the condition can appear earlier. If symptoms start before age 20, it’s classified as juvenile Huntington’s disease, which tends to progress more rapidly and present differently than adult-onset HD.
Major Symptoms of Huntington’s Disease
HD affects movement, cognition, and mental health. The severity and combination of symptoms vary significantly from person to person, and they tend to worsen over time.
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1. Movement Disorders
These are often the first noticeable signs. They include both involuntary movements and impairments in voluntary control:
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Chorea (jerking or writhing movements)
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Muscle rigidity and contracture
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Abnormal eye movements
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Balance and posture problems
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Difficulty speaking or swallowing
As the disease progresses, voluntary movement becomes increasingly difficult, leading to significant disability.
2. Cognitive Impairment
Cognitive decline can interfere with daily tasks, planning, and communication. Common symptoms include:
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Trouble focusing or prioritizing
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Getting stuck on thoughts or behaviors (perseveration)
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Poor impulse control
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Lack of awareness of one’s condition
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Slowed thinking and difficulty finding words
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Problems learning new information
3. Mental Health Disorders
Depression is the most prevalent mental health condition associated with HD, stemming not just from the emotional impact of the disease but also from the neurological changes in the brain. Other issues may include:
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Depression (apathy, sadness, sleep issues, fatigue)
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder
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Mania and bipolar disorder
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Social withdrawal and suicidal thoughts
4. Weight Loss
As the disease worsens, unintended weight loss becomes more common, often due to the energy demands of constant involuntary movements and difficulties with eating and swallowing.
Juvenile Huntington’s Disease
In younger individuals, the disease may show unique early signs, including:
Behavioral Symptoms:
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Inattention or distractibility
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Decline in academic performance
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Aggression or disruptive behavior
Physical Symptoms:
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Muscle stiffness affecting walking
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Involuntary tremors
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Frequent falls or clumsiness
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Seizures
Diagnosis and When to See a Doctor
If you or a loved one notices unexplained changes in movement, behavior, or cognitive function, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider. While Huntington’s disease has distinct characteristics, its symptoms overlap with other neurological and psychiatric conditions. A thorough evaluation—including genetic testing—can provide clarity and guide care.
Treatment and Management
Currently, there’s no cure for Huntington’s disease, but medications can help manage symptoms. Treatments may include:
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Antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs for mood disorders
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Physical therapy to improve mobility and balance
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Occupational therapy for daily function
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Speech therapy to assist with communication and swallowing
Support from healthcare teams, counseling, and patient advocacy groups can make a meaningful difference in managing the disease.
Final Thoughts
Huntington’s disease is a life-altering condition that affects far more than just movement. It touches every aspect of a person’s life, from emotional well-being to daily function. While the disease is progressive and currently incurable, early diagnosis and symptom management can greatly enhance quality of life. If you notice concerning signs in yourself or someone you love, don’t delay—speak to a medical professional for an accurate diagnosis and support plan.
