Black Americans are 30 percent more likely to die from heart disease, however, new insights may provide some details into how you can protect yourself. New guidelines detailing how to care for people with heart disease come with some easy-to-grasp warnings for patients.
The chronic coronary disease guidelines from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology, published Thursday in the AHA journal Circulation, are no incremental update, said Dr. Salim Virani, chairperson of the expert panel that rewrote them.
"It's actually a new guideline in that everything that needed to be evaluated in terms of evidence was reviewed, and all the recommendations were rewritten," said Virani, vice provost of research and a professor of medicine at Aga Khan University in Karachi, Pakistan.
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Coronary disease includes various conditions that trace back to the buildup of plaque in artery walls that limits blood flow to the heart. That includes coronary artery disease, angina, heart attack and care after a procedure to open a blocked heart artery.
The guidelines cover topics ranging from exercise to cholesterol management to bypass surgery. "This is pulling everything together as a one-stop shop for providers who take care of these kinds of patients," according to Dr. Kristin Newby, the writing panel's vice chairperson.
From that "one-stop shop," here are six warnings for people with coronary disease – plus an overall message to embrace.
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1. Avoid trans fat
"Trans fats aren't good for anybody," says Newby, a professor of medicine and cardiology at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. But people with coronary disease need to be extra careful.
Of all the fats and oils used in cooking, Newby says, trans fats are the most likely to cause plaque in the arteries. In people with existing disease, trans fat has been linked to a higher risk of heart attack and stroke, higher death rates from those problems, and a higher risk of premature death.
Artificial trans fats are liquid oils that have been turned into a solid. Margarine and shortening are common examples. The Food and Drug Administration has banned food manufacturers from using a once-common source of trans fat: partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. But in some places, trans fats still show up in restaurant deep-fat fryers and elsewhere.
Trans fats also occur naturally in beef, lamb and butterfat, but the guidelines say these pose less risk than artificial trans fats.
Companies are allowed to say a food is free of trans fats even if they have as much as half a gram. To avoid trans fats, check nutrition labels and skip fried food, processed baked goods and refrigerated dough. And look for terms such as "partially hydrogenated oils" in the ingredients list.
2. Beware of secondhand smoke
Smoking is a well-known cause of heart disease. But even if you're not smoking, you need to be careful.
"Every effort should be made to avoid secondhand smoke because it carries many of the same chemicals and irritants that we think lead to coronary disease," Newby shares.
It's a matter of accumulating risk, Virani adds. "If you have heart disease, and then you add secondhand smoke on top of everything else that's going on, the risk really goes up." For people who have had a heart attack, that includes a higher risk of having another one.
Avoiding secondhand smoke can be tough if you work at a place where smoking is allowed. But if you have a family member who smokes, Virani says, "at a minimum" you should ask them to smoke outside.
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3. Be careful with common drugs, including ibuprofen
"A lot of times we all have this misperception that if something is available over the counter, it is safe," Virani says. "Patients who have heart disease should be very mindful, even if it's vitamins."
The guidelines offer a specific warning about nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, also known as NSAIDs. These drugs include ibuprofen and naproxen sodium.
"What we're talking about here is not kind of a one-time use because your muscles are sore after working out," Newby notes. "What we're talking about is using them every day."
NSAIDs pose two issues for people with coronary disease, Virani says. First, extended use has been linked to cardiovascular problems, including having a second heart attack.
Second, NSAIDs can cause bleeding in the stomach and intestines. A heart patient may be on one or even two blood-thinning medications, Virani says. Combine those with NSAIDs, and "your risk of bleeding goes up tremendously."
Occasional use is not a problem, he notes. But he and Newby recommend acetaminophen as an alternative.
4. Don't combine erectile dysfunction drugs with nitrates
Nitrates – including nitroglycerin – are prescribed for angina, or chest pain. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors – including sildenafil and tadalafil – are used for erectile dysfunction.
Mixing them can cause a potentially life-threatening drop in blood pressure.
"It's not about not using them," Newby says. "It's just about being careful."
Tadalafil, for example, can stay in the system for up to 48 hours, and some nitrates are long-acting as well. Men should talk to their doctor about how long the drugs last in the system, and look for alternatives if necessary, the experts recommend.
5. Don't use these weight-loss drugs
Sympathomimetic weight loss drugs such as phentermine and benzphetamine work by suppressing appetite. They also raise your heart rate and blood pressure, which can strain a heart already suffering from compromised blood flow, Virani says. The drugs might lead to irregular heartbeats as well, he adds.
One drug in this class, sibutramine, was taken off the U.S. market in 2010 but might be available outside the country or sold illegally.
Avoid them all, Virani says. "We have much, much better and safer weight loss medications."
6. Be careful with postmenopausal hormone therapy
Estrogen and progestin are given to women to help with postmenopausal symptoms such as hot flashes. In the context of heart disease, it has issues.
First, Newby says, although hormones have been extensively studied in hopes of showing they protect against heart disease, intensive research found no benefit. But hormone therapy does raise the risk of venous thromboembolism, a blood clot in a deep vein or a lung.
"What we are suggesting to patients with chronic coronary disease is to actually have that conversation with their treating clinician to see what other alternatives exist," Virani notes. Given their already-elevated risk, "they've got to be very careful."
And now the good news …
Managing chronic coronary disease can seem like a list of limitations. Virani says it should also be seen as a wealth of opportunities.
"You know, 30 to 40 years ago, having chronic coronary disease was really just like, 'OK, you're just going to have another heart attack one of these days, and you may or may not survive,'" he says. But even in the past four to five years, new treatments have made it more manageable than ever if people work with their healthcare professionals and take their medications.
"So, there's a lot of hope as well," he shares. "It's not a death sentence anymore. You can have a pretty normal life span and good quality of life if you actually follow the recommendations."
By American Heart Association
