High blood pressure and the African American community seem to go hand in hand. In fact, more than 40 percent of non-Hispanic African-American men and women have high blood pressure. For African-Americans, high blood pressure also develops earlier in life and is usually more severe. With these numbers also cause for a high number of African Americans taking high blood pressure medication. Nearly 100 million prescriptions were written for blood pressure in 2016 and continues to grow.
Ongoing 2018 blood pressure recalls began back in July when three drug companies, including Teva Pharmaceuticals, began recalling medications containing valsartan. Here's a full list. With this recall, companies like Teva Pharmaceuticals is now pulling back all of its valsartan drugs on the U.S. market.
Other blood pressure drugs have been recalled over concerns they also contain trace amounts of NDEA. In early November, another blood pressure drug, irbesartan, was recalled, followed in mid-November by a voluntary recall of losartan potassium hydrochlorothiazide tablets, also prescribed to treat hypertension.
In each case, a recalled drug was contaminated with either N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) or N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA).
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Both chemicals are believed to causecancer in humans. Research also suggests NDEA can cause liver and blood cell damage.
NDEA is used to make rocket fuel and can also be found insome food and drinking water, but at low levels. It can also be a created through certain chemical reactions and as a byproduct of industrial processes.
Here are some of the drugs that were recalled:
Valsartan. There have been so many types of valsartan recalled this year that the FDA has created a website listing just for them.
Losartan. In December, the FDA announced a voluntary recall of losartan potassium tablets USP. See which products were affected by the recall.
In November, the FDA announced a voluntary recall of losartan potassium/hydrochlorothiazide, 100 mg/25 mg tablets in 1,000-count plastic bottles, NDC 0781-5207-10, Lot number JB8912, Exp. Date 06/2020.
Irbesartan. In July, the FDA announced a voluntary recall of irbesartan tablets. See which products were affected by the recall.
Teva. Teva Pharmaceuticals has launched a voluntary recall into two drugs used to treat high blood pressure as yet more medications face concerns over a possible cancer risk.
In a statement from Teva posted by the Food and Drug Administration, the recall affects all lots of combination tablets featuring the drugs amlodipine and valsartan and another combo drug featuring amlodipine, valsartan, and hydrochlorothiazide.
The drugs could contain an impurity called N-nitroso-diethylamine (NDEA), which has been classified as a possible human carcinogen, the FDA said.
Patients taking either drugs should contact their doctor or pharmacist foradvice or alternative treatments. Stopping the drugs immediately with no comparable alternative could pose a greater risk to patients' health, said Teva.
In case you were wondering what kind of blood pressure medications are out there, here is a list of the different types as well as what they do (compiled by the American Heart Association):
The classes of blood pressure medications include:
- Diuretics
- Beta-blockers
- ACE inhibitors
- Angiotensin II receptor blockers
- Calcium channel blockers
- Alpha blockers...
(list continues on next page)
- Alpha-2 Receptor Agonists
- Combined alpha and beta-blockers
- Central agonists
- Peripheral adrenergic inhibitors
- Vasodilators
Diuretics
Diuretics help the body get rid of excess sodium (salt) and water and help control blood pressure. They are often used in combination with additional prescription therapies.
Generic name Common brand names
Thiazide diuretics
chlorthalidone Hygroton*
chlorothiazide Diuril*
hydrochlorothiazide Esidrix*, Hydrodiuril*, Microzide*
indapamide Lozol*
metolazone Mykrox*, Zaroxolyn*
Potassium-sparing diuretics
amiloride hydrochloride Midamar*
spironolactone Aldactone*
triamterene Dyrenium*
Loop diuretic
furosemide Lasix*
bumetanide Bumex*
Combination diuretics
amiloride hydrochloride + hydrochlorothiazide Moduretic*
spironolactone + hydrochlorothiazide Aldactazide*
triamterene + hydrochlorothiazide Dyazide*, Maxzide*
Some noted possible side effects from diuretics:
Some of these drugs may decrease your body's supply of the mineral potassium. Symptoms such as weakness, leg cramps or being tired may result. Eating foods containing potassium may help prevent significant potassium loss. If your doctor recommends it, you could prevent potassium loss by taking a liquid or tablet that has potassium along with the diuretic.
Diuretics such as amiloride (Midamar)*, spironolactone (Aldactone)* or triamterene (Dyrenium)* are called "potassium-sparing" agents. They don't cause the body to lose potassium. They might be prescribed alone, but are usually used with another diuretic. Some of these combinations are Aldactazide*, Dyazide*, Maxzide* or Moduretic*.
Some people suffer from attacks of gout after prolonged treatment with diuretics. This side effect isn't common and can be managed by other treatment.
People with diabetes may find that diuretic drugs increase their blood sugar level. A change in medication, diet, insulin or oral anti-diabetic dosage corrects this in most cases.
Impotence may occur.
Beta-blockers
Beta-blockers reduce the heart rate, the heart's workload and the heart's output of blood, which lowers blood pressure.
Generic name Common brand names
acebutolol Sectral*
atenolol Tenormin*
betaxolol Kerlone*
bisoprolol fumarate Zebeta*
carteolol hydrochloride Cartrol*
metoprolol tartrate Lopressor*
metoprolol succinate Toprol-XL*
nadolol Corgard*
penbutolol sulfate Levatol*
pindolol* Visken*
propranolol hydrochloride* Inderal*
solotol hydrochloride Betapace*
timolol maleate* Blocadren*
Combination beta-blocker/diuretic
hydrochlorothiazide and bisoprolol Ziac*
Some noted possible side effects of beta-blockers:
Insomnia
Cold hands and feet
Tiredness or depression
Slow heartbeat
Symptoms of asthma
Impotence may also occur
If you have diabetes and you're taking insulin, have your responses to therapy monitored closely.
If you have been prescribed beta-blockers, consult your healthcare provider prior to conception if you are considering pregnancy or if there is a chance you could become pregnant. If you discover that you are pregnant consult your healthcare provider as soon as possible to determine the safest medication for you at this time.
ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin is a chemical that causes the arteries to become narrow, especially in the kidneys but also throughout the body. ACE stands for Angiotensin-converting enzyme. ACE inhibitors help the body produce less angiotensin, which helps the blood vessels relax and open up, which, in turn, lowers blood pressure.
Generic name Common brand names
benazepril hydrochloride Lotensin*
captopril Capoten*
enalapril maleate Vasotec*
fosinopril sodium Monopril*
lisinopril Prinivel*, Zestril*
moexipril Univasc*
perindopril Aceon*
quinapril hydrochloride Accupril*
ramipril Altace*
trandolapril Mavik*
Some noted possible side effects of ACE inhibitors:
Skin rash
Loss of taste
Chronic dry, hacking cough
In rare instances, kidney damage
Women who are taking ACE inhibitors or ARBs for high blood pressure should not become pregnant while on this class of drugs. If you're taking an ACE inhibitor or an ARB and think you might be pregnant, see your doctor immediately. These drugs have been shown to be dangerous to both mother and baby during pregnancy. They can cause low blood pressure, severe kidney failure, excess potassium (hyperkalemia) and even death of the newborn.
Angiotensin II receptor blockers
These drugs block the effects of angiotensin, a chemical that causes the arteries to become narrow. Angiotensin needs a receptor- like a chemical "slot" to fit into or bind with- in order to constrict the blood vessel. ARBs block the receptors so the angiotensin fails to constrict the blood vessel. This means blood vessels stay open and blood pressure is reduced.
Generic name Common brand names
candesartan Atacand*
eprosartan mesylate Teveten*
irbesarten Avapro*
losartan potassium Cozaar*
telmisartan Micardis*
valsartan Diovan*
Some noted possible side effects of Angiotensin II receptor blockers:
May cause occasional dizziness.
ARBs should not be used during pregnancy.Medications that act directly on the renin-angiotensin system can cause injury or even death to a developing fetus. When pregnancy is detected, consult your healthcare professional as soon as possible.
Calcium channel blockers
This drug prevents calcium from entering the smooth muscle cells of the heart and arteries. When calcium enters these cells, it causes a stronger and harder contraction, so by decreasing the calcium, the hearts' contraction is not as forceful. Calcium channel blockers relax and open up narrowed blood vessels, reduce heart rate and lower blood pressure.
Generic name Common brand names
amlodipine besylate Norvasc*, Lotrel*
bepridil Vasocor*
diltiazem hydrochloride Cardizem CD*, Cardizem SR*, Dilacor XR*, Tiazac*
felodipine Plendil*
isradipine DynaCirc*, DynaCirc CR*
nicardipine Cardene SR*
nifedipine Adalat CC*, Procardia XL*
nisoldipine Sular*
verapamil hydrochloride Calan SR*, Covera HS*, Isoptin SR*, Verelan*
Some noted possible side effects of calcium channel blockers:
Palpitations
Swollen ankles
Constipation
Headache
Dizziness
Alpha blockers
These drugs reduce the arteries' resistance, relaxing the muscle tone of the vascular walls.
Generic name Common brand names
doxazosin mesylate Cardura*
prazosin hydrochloride Minipress*
terazosin hydrochloride Hytrin*
Some noted possible side effects of alpha blockers:
Fast heart rate
Dizziness
A drop in blood pressure when you stand up
Alpha-2 Receptor Agonists
These drugs reduce blood pressure by decreasing the activity of the sympathetic (adrenaline-producing) portion of the involuntary nervous system. Methyldopa is considered a first line antihypertensive during pregnancy because adverse effects are infrequent for the pregnant woman or the developing fetus.
Generic name Common brand names
methyldopa
Some noted possible side effects of Alpha-2 Receptor Agonists:
Methyldopa can cause drowsiness or dizziness
Combined alpha and beta-blockers
Combined alpha and beta-blockers are used as an IV drip for those patients experiencing a hypertensive crisis. They may be prescribed for outpatient high blood pressure use if the patient is at risk for heart failure.
Generic name Common brand names
carvedilol Coreg*
labetalol hydrochloride Normodyne*, Trandate*
A noted possible side effect of combined alpha and beta-blockers:
May cause a drop in blood pressure when you stand up
Central agonists
Central agonists also help decrease the blood vessels' ability to tense up or contract. The central agonists follow a different nerve pathway than the alpha and beta-blockers but accomplish the same goal of blood pressure reduction.
Generic name Common brand names
alpha methyldopa Aldomet*
clonidine hydrochloride Catapres*
guanabenz acetate Wytensin*
guanfacine hydrochloride Tenex*
Some noted possible side effects of central agonists:
Alpha-methyldopa (Aldomet)* may produce a greater drop in blood pressure when you're in an upright position (standing or walking), and it may make you feel weak or faint if the pressure has been lowered too far. This drug may also cause drowsiness or sluggishness, dryness of the mouth, fever or anemia. Male patients may experience impotence. If this side effect persists, your doctor may have to change the drug dosage or use another medication.
Clonidine (Catapres)*, guanabenz (Wytensin)* or guanfacine (Tenex)* may produce severe dryness of the mouth, constipation or drowsiness. If you're taking any of these drugs, don't stop suddenly because your blood pressure may rise quickly to dangerously high levels.
Peripheral adrenergic inhibitors
These medications reduce blood pressure by blocking neurotransmitters in the brain. This blocks the smooth muscles from getting the "message" to constrict. These drugs are rarely used unless other medications don't help.
Generic name Common brand names
guanadrel Hylorel*
guanethidine monosulfate Ismelin*
reserpine Serpasil*
Some noted possible side effects of peripheral adrenergic inhibitors:
Reserpine may cause a stuffy nose, diarrhea or heartburn. These effects aren't severe, and no treatment is required other than to change the dosage. If you have nightmares or insomnia or get depressed, tell your doctor immediately.
Guanadrel (Hylorel)* or guanethidine (Ismelin)* may cause some diarrhea, which may persist in some people. This side effect usually becomes less of a problem if you continue treatment. These drugs reduce blood pressure more when you stand. Consequently, you may get dizzy and lightheaded and feel weak when you get out of bed in the morning or stand up suddenly. If you notice any of these reactions and if they persist for more than a minute or two, contact your doctor. He/she may instruct you to reduce or omit the next dose of the medication.
When taking guanethidine, don't stand in the hot sun or at a social gathering if you begin to feel faint or weak. These activities cause low blood pressure and fainting. Male patients may experience impotence. Contact your doctor if either of these side effects occurs.
Blood vessel dilators (vasodilators)
Blood vessel dilators, or vasodilators, can cause the muscle in the walls of the blood vessels (especially the arterioles) to relax, allowing the vessel to dilate (widen). This allows blood to flow through better.
Generic name Common brand names
hydralazine hydrochloride Apresoline*
minoxidil Loniten*†
Some noted possible side effects of vasodilators:
Hydralazine (Apresoline)* may cause headaches, swelling around the eyes, heart palpitations or aches and pains in the joints. Usually none of these symptoms are severe, and most will go away after a few weeks of treatment. This drug isn't usually used by itself.
Minoxidil (Loniten)* is a potent drug that's usually used only in resistant cases of severe high blood pressure. It may cause fluid retention (marked weight gain) or excessive hair growth.
